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中國(guó)足球的改變和未來(lái)②:青訓(xùn)賽事體系重構(gòu)有收獲

王曉瑞07-29 18:00 體壇+原創(chuàng)

中國(guó)足球,正在經(jīng)歷一場(chǎng)靜水深流的變革。從青訓(xùn)體系的全面重構(gòu),到足球文化的深耕培育,再到職業(yè)足球的刮骨療毒——這場(chǎng)關(guān)乎未來(lái)的足球革命,正在以前所未有的決心推進(jìn)。當(dāng)我們見(jiàn)證U系列國(guó)字號(hào)球隊(duì)重回亞洲八強(qiáng),當(dāng)精英體系和校園足球的星星之火漸成燎原之勢(shì),當(dāng)純草根賽事蘇超成為現(xiàn)象級(jí)的IP,更值得思考的命題已然浮現(xiàn):這些改變是否正在重塑中國(guó)足球的基因,成為可能決定中國(guó)足球未來(lái)數(shù)十年的關(guān)鍵變量?

體壇周報(bào)全媒體記者王曉瑞報(bào)道

浙江杭州,古稱(chēng)臨安,又叫武林。這里經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá),歷史文化悠久,人文底蘊(yùn)深厚,但同時(shí),又是一座容易被人淡忘的足球城。而在過(guò)去數(shù)年,杭州見(jiàn)證了中國(guó)足球的諸多大事件:從國(guó)家隊(duì)不敵澳大利亞沖擊美加墨世界杯受阻,到兩年前亞運(yùn)會(huì)男足隊(duì)重新闖入亞洲前8,直至今天王鈺棟、劉浩帆等青年才俊們屹立于職業(yè)賽場(chǎng)……不過(guò),今天我們先來(lái)回憶的是發(fā)生在3年前盛夏,中國(guó)足球變革中的一樁里程碑事件。

青訓(xùn)賽事體系全面重構(gòu)

2022年7月10日,第一屆中國(guó)青少年足球聯(lián)賽啟動(dòng)儀式在杭州市黃龍?bào)w育中心舉行。中青賽,這是為落實(shí)《中國(guó)足球改革發(fā)展總體方案》和體教融合要求,實(shí)現(xiàn)青少年足球人口大幅增加,培養(yǎng)全面發(fā)展的優(yōu)秀足球人才,以教育部、體育總局為指導(dǎo)單位,中國(guó)足協(xié)為主辦單位所舉辦的一項(xiàng)青少年足球頂級(jí)賽事,一經(jīng)上線(xiàn)便是頗受好評(píng)。曾幾何時(shí),諸多足球業(yè)內(nèi)人士一提到日本高中足球選手權(quán)大會(huì)時(shí)無(wú)不艷羨不已,但現(xiàn)如今,中國(guó)足球也擁有屬于自己的一項(xiàng)成規(guī)模、成體系、成建制的青少年足球聯(lián)賽。

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區(qū)別于以往U系列聯(lián)賽,中青賽的一大特色就是全放開(kāi)、全融合。辦賽原則之一是面向全體青少年,打破參賽壁壘,兼顧普及與提高。具體到參賽上,允許體校代表隊(duì)、學(xué)校代表隊(duì)、俱樂(lè)部青訓(xùn)梯隊(duì)、社會(huì)青訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)等自由參加,不設(shè)任何參賽限制。比如第一屆男子U17組,參賽球隊(duì)就有200多支;而到后來(lái),介于參賽隊(duì)數(shù)、人數(shù)越來(lái)越多,地方預(yù)選賽規(guī)模呈幾何數(shù)級(jí)擴(kuò)大:首屆中青賽共有12個(gè)省市賽區(qū)組織U13組預(yù)選賽,9個(gè)省市賽區(qū)組織U15組預(yù)選賽,等到2023年即第二屆賽事,這兩項(xiàng)數(shù)字分別增長(zhǎng)至30個(gè)和31個(gè),球隊(duì)數(shù)量分別有280支和409支,參加U13組預(yù)選賽的球員人數(shù)突破5000大關(guān),U15組球員更是超過(guò)8500人……

“覆蓋面最廣、參與人數(shù)最多”,這是中青賽自從創(chuàng)辦以來(lái)對(duì)外一直宣稱(chēng)的兩大特點(diǎn),至少辦到今天的第四屆,以上這兩點(diǎn)依舊是其鮮明的標(biāo)簽。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中,中青賽一直在堅(jiān)持U13、U15、U17、U19年齡段設(shè)置不動(dòng)搖這一點(diǎn)其實(shí)難能可貴。

從前,中國(guó)青少年足球以逢單優(yōu)先。具體來(lái)講,比如07和08年齡段,單數(shù)年出生的球員更吃香,參賽標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更照顧07年齡段作為劃分。2022年第一屆中青賽四個(gè)年齡段,恰好對(duì)應(yīng)09/10、07/08、05/06、03/04,之于各職業(yè)隊(duì)梯隊(duì),基本是以?xún)蓺q為一個(gè)周期組建。但在次年,中青賽并沒(méi)有因此而做出相應(yīng)調(diào)整,U13、U15、U17、U19所對(duì)應(yīng)的劃線(xiàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都是雙數(shù)年齡段,具體為10/11、08/09、06/07、04/05,此舉目的之一就是保證雙數(shù)年齡段的球員,同樣可以在來(lái)年得到更多的重視和鍛煉。

當(dāng)然,青訓(xùn)賽事的體系也不僅局限于一項(xiàng)賽事。在中青賽之外,中國(guó)足協(xié)在每年初,還會(huì)安排組織U14、U16、U18三個(gè)年齡段的年度錦標(biāo)賽(會(huì)員協(xié)會(huì)組),目的也是平衡單、雙年齡段在各地方的重視程度。此外,考慮到中青賽是面向全社會(huì)、全放開(kāi)舉辦,從職業(yè)俱樂(lè)部精英培養(yǎng)的角度出發(fā),中國(guó)足球職業(yè)聯(lián)賽聯(lián)合會(huì)同時(shí)配套推出“職業(yè)俱樂(lè)部梯隊(duì)賽事”,即中國(guó)足球青少年精英聯(lián)賽(U21組),簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)U21聯(lián)賽;中國(guó)足球青少年精英聯(lián)賽(U17組),簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)U17聯(lián)賽;中國(guó)足球青少年精英聯(lián)賽(U15組),簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)U15聯(lián)賽,著力打造競(jìng)技水平更高的精英級(jí)職業(yè)球員。

與此同時(shí),全國(guó)青少年三大球運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的創(chuàng)辦,也是著眼于優(yōu)質(zhì)青少年運(yùn)動(dòng)員培養(yǎng)的全新探索。尤其是在足球?qū)用?,等同于將過(guò)去4年一個(gè)周期的全運(yùn)會(huì)三大球賽事,變相改革為一年一屆。眾所周知的是,過(guò)去數(shù)年,中國(guó)高水平足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員的培養(yǎng),盡管有職業(yè)俱樂(lè)部承擔(dān)的育人功能,但本質(zhì)上,離不開(kāi)各地方和行政力量的支持。全國(guó)青少年三大球運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的上線(xiàn),實(shí)質(zhì)上也是推動(dòng)各省區(qū)市重新承擔(dān)起三大球青訓(xùn)職責(zé),促使各地高度重視三大球的青訓(xùn)工作,在組建隊(duì)伍、開(kāi)展訓(xùn)練、人員選拔和投入保障等各方面不斷加大力度,從而推動(dòng)青訓(xùn)工作全面發(fā)展。

而從2026年開(kāi)始,青少年三大球運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)將正式進(jìn)入到一個(gè)以4年為單位的系統(tǒng)性全運(yùn)會(huì)周期,并與全運(yùn)會(huì)、學(xué)青會(huì)等賽事進(jìn)行銜接,這同樣是青訓(xùn)賽事體系全面重構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵一環(huán)。

精英足球人才的蓄水池

中青賽、青少年三大球運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的創(chuàng)辦,以及職業(yè)俱樂(lè)部梯隊(duì)賽事的改革,培養(yǎng)人才是辦賽的最大宗旨。多年前,足協(xié)青少部就曾經(jīng)提出一個(gè)“三位一體”的思路:“形成以青少年賽事(識(shí)別人才)→國(guó)字號(hào)精英球員訓(xùn)練營(yíng)(培養(yǎng)人才)→中青賽、精英聯(lián)賽等賽事(跟蹤人才)的人才識(shí)別與培養(yǎng)路徑。”目前來(lái)看已是小有成就,精英球員培養(yǎng)正在初見(jiàn)成效。

以最早舉辦的U21聯(lián)賽為例,從問(wèn)世到今天,已經(jīng)形成了強(qiáng)大的影響力。除了賽事品質(zhì)和辦賽等方面頗受好評(píng),更為重要的是,越來(lái)越多的圈內(nèi)人士把它視為“中國(guó)足球人才的后備陣地”。目前在上海申花隊(duì)得到重點(diǎn)培養(yǎng),并已入選國(guó)家隊(duì)先后參加世預(yù)賽和東亞杯的前鋒劉誠(chéng)宇,在過(guò)去數(shù)年就是歷經(jīng)U21聯(lián)賽迅速成長(zhǎng),他同時(shí)也是2024賽季U21聯(lián)賽的最佳球員和最佳射手。

與劉誠(chéng)宇齊名的王鈺棟,則是中青賽第一批成品的代表——2023年和2024年,王鈺棟后代表浙江俱樂(lè)部U19青年隊(duì)兩度參加U19中青賽,兩次率隊(duì)奪得亞軍;而在U17年齡段,則是問(wèn)鼎2023年第二屆中青賽桂冠。

除此之外,來(lái)自上海海港的蒯紀(jì)聞,則是首屆全國(guó)青少年三大球運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的閃亮之星。他不僅率領(lǐng)上海隊(duì)闖入冠亞軍決賽,還在6場(chǎng)比賽總共打入9球,榮膺賽事金靴。

巧合的是,上述三人如今都已經(jīng)進(jìn)入中國(guó)國(guó)家隊(duì),王鈺棟更是有著穩(wěn)定的出場(chǎng),這足以證明在人才識(shí)別與培養(yǎng)路徑的路徑上,這些青少年賽事和國(guó)字號(hào)訓(xùn)練營(yíng)的相輔相成,正逐漸形成一個(gè)完整的體系。

但說(shuō)到國(guó)字號(hào)訓(xùn)練營(yíng),這也不是新鮮事物。早在2021年7月,中國(guó)足協(xié)就在香河組織起第一期07/08年齡段球員精英訓(xùn)練營(yíng),涵蓋小球員近80人。此后,在更加年輕的09/10年齡段,訓(xùn)練營(yíng)開(kāi)始以西南、華南、華東、華北分區(qū)進(jìn)行,與此同時(shí),專(zhuān)家團(tuán)隊(duì)還同時(shí)為每一名球員制作個(gè)人評(píng)估報(bào)告,并納入中國(guó)足協(xié)人才數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),作為各級(jí)國(guó)家隊(duì)選材的初級(jí)參考依據(jù)。之后給予定期跟蹤觀(guān)察,待下一年度各級(jí)別青少年賽事進(jìn)行考核。

在這個(gè)過(guò)程中,國(guó)字號(hào)精英訓(xùn)練營(yíng)的上線(xiàn),也是為掛靠每一屆U17國(guó)少隊(duì)的組建。尤其是自從2025年開(kāi)始,不僅U17世界杯實(shí)現(xiàn)擴(kuò)軍,U17亞洲杯更改為一年一屆,這就更需要涉及到青少年精英球員的培養(yǎng),務(wù)必更趨于低齡化、系統(tǒng)性和縱深發(fā)展。而就在本月中下旬,中國(guó)足協(xié)已開(kāi)始組織會(huì)員協(xié)會(huì)及重點(diǎn)城市,籌劃開(kāi)展2011-2013年齡段男足精英青少年球員訓(xùn)練營(yíng),著眼未來(lái)及未雨綢繆的態(tài)度可見(jiàn)一斑。

而秉承為職業(yè)聯(lián)賽和青少年聯(lián)賽打通橋梁,中國(guó)足協(xié)近些年又在職業(yè)聯(lián)賽、青訓(xùn)賽事的體系構(gòu)建中尋求一些新的嘗試。比如在U21聯(lián)賽與中乙聯(lián)賽之間形成升降級(jí)機(jī)制,目的就是把優(yōu)秀球員盡可能向職業(yè)俱樂(lè)部予以輸送;與此同時(shí),U21聯(lián)賽也開(kāi)始吸納更多的U19球員以小打大,越級(jí)鍛煉,這既充分發(fā)揮出U21聯(lián)賽作為提供生源和人才輸送的重要功能,同時(shí)又成為一個(gè)強(qiáng)化和拔高精英人才水平的捷徑。而在新賽季的中超聯(lián)賽,又推行了一套AB名單制度——所謂B名單,是指球員既能為一線(xiàn)隊(duì)征戰(zhàn)中超,也能為B隊(duì)或U21梯隊(duì)出戰(zhàn)中乙或其他比賽,目的是讓年輕球員獲得更多參賽機(jī)會(huì),加速成長(zhǎng)。

從2021到2025,短短五年之間,從青訓(xùn)賽事體系的全面重構(gòu),到精英人才的著力培養(yǎng),整體進(jìn)步有目共睹,這對(duì)于多年來(lái)深處困局的中國(guó)足球來(lái)講,尤為難得,不易,值得珍惜。

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王曉瑞

《體壇周報(bào)》國(guó)內(nèi)足球記者,常年報(bào)道各級(jí)男足國(guó)字號(hào)。

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“體壇+”是體壇傳媒集團(tuán)旗下《體壇周報(bào)》及諸多體育類(lèi)雜志的唯一新媒體平臺(tái)。 平臺(tái)匯集權(quán)威的一手體育資訊以及國(guó)內(nèi)外頂尖資深體育媒體人的深度觀(guān)點(diǎn), 是一款移動(dòng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代體育垂直領(lǐng)域的精品閱讀應(yīng)用。

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 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